{"id":2188,"date":"2025-01-22T12:26:46","date_gmt":"2025-01-22T12:26:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hosting2.northumbria.ac.uk\/reason-religion-ottoman-syria\/?page_id=2188"},"modified":"2025-02-04T12:22:59","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T12:22:59","slug":"excerpts-from-the-book_arabic","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hosting2.northumbria.ac.uk\/reason-religion-ottoman-syria\/?page_id=2188","title":{"rendered":"excerpts from the book_Arabic"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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***<\/p>\n\n

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\u060c\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a [\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644] \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f [\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644] \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 [\u2026 \u0623\u0648] \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646<\/blockquote>\n\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0631” \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646.[23] \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a “\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646” \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0648”\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u064b.[24]\n

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\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u062d\u0644\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0641\u0644[27]<\/blockquote>\n:\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644\u0629” \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\n
\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646 [\u0647\u0630\u064a] \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0648[\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0629] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629\n\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/blockquote>\n

\n\u0648”\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645” \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.[28] \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637: \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636: \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 “\u0645\u0642\u0641\u0644” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646).[29] \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u2013 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628.[30] \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636:<\/p>\n

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\n\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629” \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a.[47] \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u2013 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u2013 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n

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* \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 “\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629” \u0648”\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645” [\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642] \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \n \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629: \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c 16 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\/\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 1860\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1860 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 5000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Rogan, Eugene. The Damascus Events: The 1860 Massacre and the Making of the Modern Middle East. <\/em>New York: Basic Books, 2024, <\/em>ch. 5<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Fawaz, Leila Tarazi. An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 132-33 \u0648 259-60 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a.\n2 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Fawaz, Occasion \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 115 \u0648138 \u0648144 \u0648198 \u0648202-204. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Makdisi, Ussama. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 167 \u0648168 \u0648170 \u0648171.\n3 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Rogan, \u201cSectarianism\u201d \u0635 495\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Makdisi, Culture of Sectarianism 168 \u0648169 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.\n4 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647 Rogan, \u201cSectarianism\u201d \u0635 497\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Masters, Bruce. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 \u0635 164.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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5 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Rogan, \u201cSectarianism\u201d 496 \u0648”\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644” “\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649”\u060c 22\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMassot, Anais. \u201cOttoman Damascus during the Tanzimat: The New Visibility of Religious Distinctions\u201d. In Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere: Jews and Christians in the Middle East. 155-84. Lieden: Brill, 2016 \u0635 169.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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6 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0628”\u060c 1873\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0635 \u0635 359 \u2013 364\u060c \u0648: \u201cReport of the attack\u201d, 23\/8\/60, RG84 Beirut v80 \u0635 546 \u2013 553. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 12\/7\/60 \u064819\/7\/60 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Rogan, The Damascus Events \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0630\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a: \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.\n7 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Makdisi, Culture of Sectarianism \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Massot, \u201cSocio-Political Changes\u201d.\n8 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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9 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. London: Oxford University Press, 1962 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Yarid, Nazik Saba. Secularism and the Arab World: 1830-1939. London: Saqi, 2002\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChoueiri, Youssef. Narratives of Arab Secularism: Politics, Feminism and Religion. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2022.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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10 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629]\u060c 1849. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c 1: 7.\n11 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 Murder, Mayhem, Pillage and Plunder.\n12 “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644” \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b [\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c [1947\u061f]\u060c \u0635 133\u060c \u0648136-147 (\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1813\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\/\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\/\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632)\u061b \u0635 104 (\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 1819)\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631\/\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\/\u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c “\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0628”\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u062f \u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0634\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c 1955\u060c \u0635 67\u061b \u0648Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries by Mikhail Mishaqa (1800-1873). Translated by Wheeler N. Thackston, Jr. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1988 \u0635 103. \u0642\u0628\u0644 1813 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1799-1801 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1806.\n13 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDaniel Panzac, La peste dans l\u2019Empire Ottoman 1700-1850 (Louvain: \u00c9ditions Peeters, 1985); N\u00fckhet Varlik, Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World: The Ottoman Experience, 1347-1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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14 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbraham Marcus, The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); 256-8; Philipp, Acre, 23, 113, 173; cf Andrew Robarts, \u2018Nowhere to Run To, Nowhere to Hide? Society, State, and Epidemic Diseases in the Early Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans\u2019, in Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean, ed. N\u00fckhet Varlik (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017), 224-5.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0643 Panzac, La peste (\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630) \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 1%.\n15 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 142.\n16 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 138.\n17 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a: \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohn J. Curry, \u2018Scholars, Sufis, and Disease: Can Muslim Religious Works Offer Us Novel Insights on Plagues and Epidemics among the Medieval and Early Modern Ottomans?\u2019, in Plague and Contagion, ed. Varlik, 33-36\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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18 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYaron Ayalon, \u2018Religion and Ottoman Society\u2019s Responses to Epidemics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries\u2019, in Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean, ed. Varlik, 184 and note 16; Curry, \u2018Scholars, Sufis and Disease\u2019, 41; Marcus, Middle East, 260.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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19 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: “\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621” \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631”\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 BnF ms Arabe \u0631\u0642\u0645 2691\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 BnF ms Arabe 2740.\n20 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a”\u060c 1793.\n21 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 159.\n22 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 159.\n23 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 151.\n24 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMadden, Richard Robert. Travels in Turkey, Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine, in 1824, 1825, 1826, and 1827. London: Henry Colburn, 1829, 1: 251-89. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0643 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629):\n Clot Bey, De la peste observ\u00e9e en \u00c9gypte\u2026 (Paris: Fortin, Masson, 1840), 199-205 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631.\n25 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Curry, \u2018Scholars, Sufis, and Disease, 34-35; Ayalon, \u2018Religion and Ottoman Society\u2019s Responses\u2019, 183-4; Marcus, Middle East, 258-9.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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26 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Philipp, Thomas. Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730-1831. New York: Colombia University Press, 2001, 157, 177-8; Marcus, Middle East, 258-60.\n\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 136 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: Juan Cole, Napoleon\u2019s Egypt: Invading the Middle East (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 187, 235-8 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1760: Giovanni Mariti, Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant (Dublin: P. Byrne, A. Grueber, J. Moore, W. Jones, and J. Rice, 1792), 1: 202-4.\n27 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0635
55 \u0633\u0637\u0631 26.
\n28 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0635
54\u060c \u0633\u0637\u0631 7-9.
\n29 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 156.
\n30 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 \u0635 157-8\u060c
\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643 56-57.
\n31 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0635 \u0635
55-56\u060c \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 33-36.
\n32 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 159\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646
\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0635 57 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 58-61.
\n33 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 158.
\n34 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 146.
\n35 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646
\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a 1813 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1810-1812\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a 1813 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 4.2% \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646.\n36 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: 3\u060c \u0635 \u0635 590-591\u060c \u0648604-605\u060c \u0648631\u060c \u0648787-790 (\u0641\u064a 1813 \u06481815 \u06481817 \u06481827).\n37 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 136\u060c 140.\n38 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0635 178.\n39 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 179.\n40 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Mariti, Travels, 1: 200-1, 203-4. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Marcus, Middle East, 258-9.\n41 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1814: \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 \u0635 167-168.
\n42 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 142.
\n43 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 151.
\n44 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 156.
\n45 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0635
58\u060c \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 73 – 76
\n46 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0635 \u0635 142-143.
\n47 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a.\n48 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0635 143.
\n49 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.
\n50 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 167.
\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0635\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2188","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nexcerpts from the book_Arabic - 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